Conductive and antistatic are terms to describe an ESD floor. These properties work together to prevent & dissipate harmful static charges.
8 Reasons ESD Programs Fail
10 min read
A well-designed, comprehensive, fully realized program is a must for manufacturers serious about ESD control.
Realizing the need for static protection, electronics companies have, for years, invested in wrist straps, bins, bags, table mats, and ionizers.
What do these firms get for their money?
Some organizations realize immediate improvements—both in yield and reduction of field returns. Others implement an ESD program only to solicit and retain contracts. Others know they need static protection but are not sure what they’ve gotten or why they’ve gotten it.
Realizing the need for static protection, electronics companies have, for years, invested in wrist straps, bins, bags, table mats, and ionizers.
What do these firms get for their money?
Some organizations realize immediate improvements—both in yield and reduction of field returns. Others implement an ESD program only to solicit and retain contracts. Others know they need static protection but are not sure what they’ve gotten or why they’ve gotten it.
Failed programs are often doomed from inception
The cause, effect, and solution to ESD problems is widely accepted and well documented. Why, then, is it so difficult to adhere to a comprehensive in-house static-protective program?
Some ESD programs do not measure up to the anticipated objectives; others are completely ineffective. When programs do fail it’s often because they were doomed from inception.
A major manufacturer of computer peripherals was quite proud of its ESD program and was not shy to point out its considerable expenditure. An audit became necessary when new gate arrays used in a recently-introduced product failed at an astounding rate. Field returns were eating away at profits and at the company’s hard-earned reputation.
A thorough investigation uncovered numerous broken links in a chain of protection dependent upon total continuity.
A film about “zaps and zings”
The audit confirmed that the wrist straps, conductive containers, dissipative table mats, and ionizers the company used complied with guidelines set by their prospective customers. However, half the wrist straps failed a simple continuity test, and many that did pass were either connected improperly or worn too loosely to ground the wearer reliably. The ESD floor finish on their VCT floors was several months old and no longer complied with ANSI/ESD requirements. The ionizer blowers contained enough dust and dirt to allow only a whisper of the original air flow to pass through them. The tote boxes, originally supplied with lids, were left uncovered because the lids were cumbersome and did not appear to serve any purpose beyond that of dust collector.
When questioned about ESD training, most assembly people said they recalled viewing “some film about zaps and zings.”
This example is not an isolated circumstance. It is not uncommon for manufacturers to feel that the success or failure of an ESD program is based solely on the amount of money they’ve invested. What they often do not realize is that for any ESD program to be successful, there are a number of factors that need to be addressed before implementation. If obstacles recognized in advance cannot be resolved the project should not be undertaken. In most cases, though, the obstacles that lead to failure can be avoided, sometimes before a single nickel is wasted.
The audit confirmed that the wrist straps, conductive containers, dissipative table mats, and ionizers the company used complied with guidelines set by their prospective customers. However, half the wrist straps failed a simple continuity test, and many that did pass were either connected improperly or worn too loosely to ground the wearer reliably. The ESD floor finish on their VCT floors was several months old and no longer complied with ANSI/ESD requirements. The ionizer blowers contained enough dust and dirt to allow only a whisper of the original air flow to pass through them. The tote boxes, originally supplied with lids, were left uncovered because the lids were cumbersome and did not appear to serve any purpose beyond that of dust collector.
When questioned about ESD training, most assembly people said they recalled viewing “some film about zaps and zings.”
This example is not an isolated circumstance. It is not uncommon for manufacturers to feel that the success or failure of an ESD program is based solely on the amount of money they’ve invested. What they often do not realize is that for any ESD program to be successful, there are a number of factors that need to be addressed before implementation. If obstacles recognized in advance cannot be resolved the project should not be undertaken. In most cases, though, the obstacles that lead to failure can be avoided, sometimes before a single nickel is wasted.
The Eight Most Common Reasons Why ESD Programs Fail
1) Little support from top management
The most common reason ESD programs fail is the lack of visible support by top management.
Most engineers seek management’s support before soliciting capital funding for a project. But the appropriation of funding should be the tip of the iceberg when it comes to management’s role in developing a successful ESD program.
Management needs to show, by example, that everyone— CEO and customers included—must exercise the precautions specified by the resident ESD program manager.
Management shows support by appearing at training seminars and by giving a brief preliminary pep-talk relating the features and benefits of the ESD program and the impact each individual will have upon it. Management should also recognize departments with satisfactory records of ESD prevention and should provide assistance for those departments that fall short of the mark.
To be successful, ESD prevention requires teamwork— achieved through consistency, dedication and measurable objectives—between all levels of the organization.
The most common reason ESD programs fail is the lack of visible support by top management.
Most engineers seek management’s support before soliciting capital funding for a project. But the appropriation of funding should be the tip of the iceberg when it comes to management’s role in developing a successful ESD program.
Management needs to show, by example, that everyone— CEO and customers included—must exercise the precautions specified by the resident ESD program manager.
Management shows support by appearing at training seminars and by giving a brief preliminary pep-talk relating the features and benefits of the ESD program and the impact each individual will have upon it. Management should also recognize departments with satisfactory records of ESD prevention and should provide assistance for those departments that fall short of the mark.
To be successful, ESD prevention requires teamwork— achieved through consistency, dedication and measurable objectives—between all levels of the organization.
2) Taking a band-aid approach as opposed to implementing a permanent solution
Many ESD programs appear to have been based on the theory that there is never time to do it right, but there is always time to do it over. Faced with budgetary constraints, many companies employ spot solutions rather than taking a long-range look at their options. Examples include:
- Failing to view ESD as a systemic problem—e.g., creating spotty static-free islands rather than investing in a continuous ESD floor.
- Using small table mats rather than covering the entire workbench surface.
- Recycling disposable shielding bags as opposed to using durable, reusable trays and boxes.
- Purchasing fragile soft table mats rather than permanently installed work surfaces.
- Installing ground cords with easily disconnected snaps or low-gauge wire that will break after its first encounter with a tote box.
- Neglecting to evaluate ESD-prevention equipment based on ANSI/ESD S20.20 requirements—e.g, not testing electrical contact between mobile workstations and carts to the ESD floor ground connection.
However big or small the investment, ESD-preventive measures should be installed correctly the first time — when the cost is lowest. It is far less expensive to static-proof the environment (i.e., the floors, tables, footwear, and material-handling system) than to employ and monitor band-aid solutions that will soon require costly repairs or replacement.
3) Poor training or no training at all
Most companies are not prepared to train the entire work force effectively in the dos and don’ts of static control. A survey of 50 electronics companies found that most training programs required attendees to watch a film about ESD in a crowded room followed by a brief explanation of the features and benefits of static control. Many of the companies surveyed limited mandatory attendance at training seminars to assembly-level personnel.
When it comes to personnel, effective static control is an all-or-nothing proposition. To thrive (and provide payback), the program should be a priority for every employee of a corporation. The CEO can destroy a sensitive component with the same ease as the night janitor.
Many dollars are wasted on high-quality ESD-prevention equipment that isn’t tested regularly, is used improperly by ill-informed personnel and/or is purchased based on incorrect technical assumptions. If specifiers are not ESD experts or in-house trainers cannot develop a convincing and informative seminar, it would be wise to seek outside assistance.
4) No follow-up after program implementation
Many ESD-prevention items require periodic functional testing, occasional maintenance and, in some cases, replacement. Wrist straps become ineffective when insulative skin oils build up between the wearer’s wrist and the conductive fabric. Unless a continuous daily testing program is in place, bad wrist straps could be in use for weeks or even months. Static bags wear out and should be replaced. Dirty conductive casters on mobile carts become insulative and prevent static charges from dissipating to the grounded ESD floor.
Companies that take ESD seriously always invest in test equipment to calibrate and monitor the performance of their ESD-preventive equipment. At bare minimum, every company should own resistance and static field measuring equipment that enables testing of equipment and materials per ANSI/ESD S20.20.
The importance of proper maintenance and training reinforcement cannot be overemphasized. The reliability of any ESD program depends upon constant monitoring and fine-tuning where necessary. ESD programs are most successful when one individual is delegated management responsibility. His or her authority must be supported by supervisors and recognized by fellow employees. In regards to training, employees frequently require further education and positive reinforcement regarding their role in the ESD program.
Many ESD-prevention items require periodic functional testing, occasional maintenance and, in some cases, replacement. Wrist straps become ineffective when insulative skin oils build up between the wearer’s wrist and the conductive fabric. Unless a continuous daily testing program is in place, bad wrist straps could be in use for weeks or even months. Static bags wear out and should be replaced. Dirty conductive casters on mobile carts become insulative and prevent static charges from dissipating to the grounded ESD floor.
Companies that take ESD seriously always invest in test equipment to calibrate and monitor the performance of their ESD-preventive equipment. At bare minimum, every company should own resistance and static field measuring equipment that enables testing of equipment and materials per ANSI/ESD S20.20.
The importance of proper maintenance and training reinforcement cannot be overemphasized. The reliability of any ESD program depends upon constant monitoring and fine-tuning where necessary. ESD programs are most successful when one individual is delegated management responsibility. His or her authority must be supported by supervisors and recognized by fellow employees. In regards to training, employees frequently require further education and positive reinforcement regarding their role in the ESD program.
5) Programs implemented only to placate the customer
Quality-conscious organizations and corporations require all suppliers and subcontractors to maintain a static-free environment. Compliance is usually confirmed by an ISO audit or sometimes by a visit from a vendor engineer. During this visit, the “auditor” evaluates the static-preventive measures specified by the particular contract against industry standard ANSI/ESD S20.20. Noncompliance can result in a failure to become ISO certified or the withdrawal of a contract.
Short-sighted management teams sometimes implement an ESD program purely for the purpose of satisfying a vendor audit. The “solution” is often a hastily-installed program using the least expensive materials available. It is not uncommon for such organizations to slap an ESD program together several times a year. Preventive maintenance, follow-up, and training are virtually nonexistent.
Often, at the insistence of accounting – those most interested in eliminating costly throw-away solutions – the problem is eventually corrected. A solid understanding of the problem, coupled with the commitment to a long-term solution, is essential to establishing a dependable and worthwhile ESD program. In the long run, a well-planned, properly implemented ESD program easily pays for itself through improvements in quality, reliability, and reputation.
6) Over-reliance on the manufacturer’s specifications
It is important to note that products or equipment that behave one way under controlled conditions may perform differently in a factory environment.
ESD product manufacturers almost always state compliance with industry standards. However, the tests they reference on their spec sheets are performed in controlled environments that can differ significantly from the factory where the product/s will be used. That’s why it’s wise to test any proposed ESD product or equipment in the lab and under in-house factory conditions.
When comparing products, rather than simply using the manufacturers’ specifications, it is imperative to obtain a copy of the industry standard and determine the parameters of the test. For example, when testing an ESD floor most prospective buyers only measure the resistance of the floor. To prove compliance with ANSI/ESD S20.20, a floor must also be tested for walking body voltage generation. Because footwear influences performance, ESD floors must be tested in conjunction with a person wearing whatever footwear will be allowed for use in the space.
ESD product manufacturers almost always state compliance with industry standards. However, the tests they reference on their spec sheets are performed in controlled environments that can differ significantly from the factory where the product/s will be used. That’s why it’s wise to test any proposed ESD product or equipment in the lab and under in-house factory conditions.
When comparing products, rather than simply using the manufacturers’ specifications, it is imperative to obtain a copy of the industry standard and determine the parameters of the test. For example, when testing an ESD floor most prospective buyers only measure the resistance of the floor. To prove compliance with ANSI/ESD S20.20, a floor must also be tested for walking body voltage generation. Because footwear influences performance, ESD floors must be tested in conjunction with a person wearing whatever footwear will be allowed for use in the space.
7) Failing to deal with reputable suppliers
For many companies, price still largely determines the selection of both product and vendor. Little consideration is given to either the reliability of the vendor or the range of services he or she is prepared to supply. At times, even the quality of materials is overlooked in the quest for low-budget solutions.
Neglecting to investigate a vendor’s credentials can sink a well-intended program, regardless of cost.
It’s easy to identify reliable vendors by selectively screening their customer base and closely examining their products. For example, before selecting an ESD floor it’s always a good idea to install a mock-up area. Mock-ups help identify unanticipated issues like cart-to-ground resistance problems, durability, and rolling load concerns. Flooring mock-ups help eliminate problems such as choosing the wrong color or selecting a pattern that would make it difficult to find small parts that have been dropped on a floor.
Vendors should be prepared to speak knowledgeably on how their products integrate with an ESD program, including installation, grounding , maintenance, calibration, and post-installation testing.
8) ESD control is limited to the manufacturing environment
Sensitive electronic parts are still vulnerable to damage in the environment of the end user—the customer. Once outside the manufacturing facility, components are subjected to static-charged environments. Ill-informed users within these environments may be unaware of the thousands of volts of potentially destructive static they carry when seated in a static-generating chair or walking on a high-charging floor.
Despite hazardous and potentially crippling conditions, the problem remains unrecognized, often leading to redundant field service calls, excessive downtime, and conceivably, loss of the customer.
Manufacturers should provide ESD guidelines for environments where their equipment will be used. If their products are designed for critical environments or 24/7 public safety operations – where people do not wear ESD-protective footwear – the manufacturer should offer guidance regarding the types of static-control floors and furniture that might be used to mitigate potential ESD events.
Conclusions
Controlling ESD is a matter every electronics company must confront. Maintaining a competitive edge in today’s marketplace can hinge on an organization’s ability to deal successfully with the fundamental but invisible static discharge phenomenon.
The problem, while certainly not insurmountable, demands a formidable opponent in the form of a well-organized, comprehensive static-protection program. Successful ESD programs depend on careful planning by conscientious individuals, with precise implementation, effective training, and thorough follow-up, originating at the top, moving through the assembly line and progressing straight to the customer.
All StaticWorx posts are written by our technical team and based on industry standards and specifications, test data, independent lab reports and other verifiable data. We provide ESD training and offer CEU credits to architects. If you’re interested in an ESD training session or our architects’ ESD workshop, give us a call: 617-923-2000.
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